Formulas:
Percentage return=(capital gain+dividend)/(initial share price)
Dividend yield=dividend/(initial share price)
Capital gain yield=(capital gain)/(initial share price)
1+real rate of return=(1+nominal rate of return)/(1+inflation rate)
Variance=average of squared deviations around the average
Standard deviation=square root of variance
Portfolio rate of return=(fraction of portfolio in first assetrate of return on first asset)+(fraction of portfolio in second assetrate of return on second asset)
Questions:
Provide an answer, example, or explanation for the following items:
Provide an example of systematic risk
Provide an example of unsystematic risk
Explain the risk premium for investments
Explain why someone might be willing to invest in treasuries, given that the average return to treasuries has been lower than that of equities.
Which would likely provide greater diversification benefits, adding a third stock to a portfolio of two, or adding a 50th stock to a portfolio of 49? Why?
Explain why adding international equities might offer diversification benefits relative to a purely domestic portfolio.
Consider a stock’s percentage return. A stock is selling on January 1 for $40/share. At the end of the year, it pays a dividend of $2/share and sells for $44.
What is the total rate of return on the stock?
What are the dividend yield and capital gain yield?
Now suppose the year-end stock price, after the $2 dividend is paid, is $36. What are the percentage return, the dividend yield, and the capital gain yield in this case?
Consider the expected return formula and calculation.
An asset will return either 10% with probability 0.3 or 20% with probability 0.7. What is the expected return?
There is a 0.3 probability that a bond will default. In the event of default, the bond will be worth $25. If the bond does not default (probability = 1-0.3=0.7) then it will be worth $100. The bond is currently trading for $90. What is the expected return?
A bond investor is considering an investment. The investor believes that there is a 10% chance that the bond will completely default and be worth zero. There is a 90% chance that the bond will return its full par value of $100. Given this risk, the investor requires an 8% expected rate of return. How much will the bond investor be willing to pay for the bond today?
Explain what would happen to the bond price if the investor required a greater or lower expected rate of return.
An entrepreneur is requesting a loan of $100 today. The bank forecasts that the startup has a 20% chance of failure, in which the venture would be worth only $50 in salvage value. The bank also forecasts that there is an 80% chance of success in which case the venture would be worth $500. The bank requires a 10% expected rate of return in order to offer the loan. How much must the entrepreneur promise to repay in the good state (success) such that the bank may realize the expected return?
What would happen to the promised repayment if the probability of failure increased?
The common stock of Leaning Tower of Pita, a restaurant chain, will generate payoffs to investors next year, which depend on the state of the economy, as follows: an $8 dividend and $240 stock price in the event of a boom, a $4 dividend and $90 stock price in the event of a normal economy, and no dividend and a $0 stock price in the event of a recession. Assume all states are equally likely. The stock is selling for $80 today. What is the expected return and standard deviation of the return to the shareholders?
The common stock of Escapist Films sells for $25/share and offers the following payoffs next year: $0 dividend and $18 stock price in a boom, $1 dividend and $26 stock price in a normal economy, and a $3 dividend and $34 stock price in the event of a recession.
Calculate the expected return and standard deviation
Calculate the expected return and standard deviation of a portfolio that is invested equally in both Escapist Films and Leaning Tower of Pita.
Sample Solution
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Concerning specific contextual analysis, two significant correspondence standards, correspondence channel determination and commotion are self-evident. This course presents the standards of correspondence, the act of general correspondence, and different speculations to all the more likely comprehend the correspondence exchanges experienced in regular daily existence. The standards and practices that you learn in this course give the premise to additionally learning and correspondence.
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It is a unique cycle that oversees force, closeness and limits, cohesiveness and flexibility of route frameworks, and makes pictures, topics, stories, ceremonies, rules, jobs, making implications, making a feeling of family life An intelligent cycle that makes a model. This model has passed ages. Notwithstanding the view as a family and family automatic framework, one of the greatest exploration establishments in between family correspondence centers around a family correspondence model. Family correspondence model (FCP) hypothesis clarifies why families impart in their own specific manner dependent on one another ‘s psychological direction. Early FCP research established in media research is keen on how families handle broad communications data. Family correspondence was perceived as an exceptional scholastic exploration field by the National Communications Association in 1989. Family correspondence researchers were at first impacted by family research, social brain science, and relational hypothesis, before long built up the hypothesis and began research in a family framework zeroed in on a significant job. Until 2001, the primary issue of the Family Communication Research Journal, Family Communication Magazine, was given. Family correspondence is more than the field of correspondence analysts in the family. Examination on family correspondence is normally done by individuals in brain science, humanism, and family research, to give some examples models. However, as the popular family correspondence researcher Leslie Baxter stated, it is the focal point of this intelligent semantic creation measure making the grant of family correspondence special. In the field of in-home correspondence, correspondence is normally not founded on autonomous messages from one sender to one beneficiary, yet dependent on the dynamic interdependency of data shared among families It is conceptualized. The focal point of this methodology is on the shared trait of semantic development inside family frameworks. As such, producing doesn’t happen in vacuum, however it happens in a wide scope of ages and social exchange.
Standards are rules end up being followed when performing work to agree to a given objective. Hierarchical achievement relies significantly upon compelling correspondence. So as to successfully impart, it is important to follow a few standards and rules. Coming up next are rules to guarantee powerful correspondence: clearness: lucidity of data is a significant guideline of correspondence. For beneficiaries to know the message plainly, the messages ought to be sorted out in a basic language. To guarantee that beneficiaries can without much of a stretch comprehend the importance of the message, the sender needs to impart unmistakably and unhesitatingly so the beneficiary can plainly and unquestionably comprehend the data.>