Measures of Association

        The Excel notebook (“Exercise3.xls”), has a worksheet labeled as “Cohort Study”. For the cohort study, I have given a hypothetical data table to evaluate the association, if any, between smoking and pneumonia among a cohort of subjects. Use the formulas given in the “Cohort Studies” module to calculate… (1) – incidence among the “exposed” [those who smoked]; (2) – incidence among the “unexposed” [those who did not smoke]; (3) – relative risk (RR) of pneumonia among those who smoked, versus those who did not; (4) – attributable risk; (5) – attributable fraction (AR%); and (6) – Population Attributable Risk (PAR%).