Select one of the following questions and craft a complete, organized, and argumentative essay substantiated by specific evidence that is analyzed to support your thesis. Underline your thesis statement in your essay. Indicate which question you are responding to on the cover sheet for your exam:

Analyze how African notions of gender and identity have changed after 1880 and why. Your answer must analyze at least three different African societies/states from three different geographic regions.

How did foreign interactions across Africa affect African notions of institutions, ideas, and/or development after 1880? Your answer must discuss and analyze at least three different African societies/states from three different geographic regions.